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Capture of Kangra Fort

The fort, which is somewhat like a typical medieval European castle, has been subjected to mass-scale plundering by Muslim, Afghan and other marauders. Mahmud Ghaznavi invaded Kangra in 1009, driven by an unsatiable desire to conquer Kangra, capture the fort and loot its riches. History corroborates that the king had returned home with a huge booty which comprised diamonds, gold, silver and other valuables that he had plundered from the fort and the Kangra temple. It is said that the caravan of camels ferrying loads of wealth was nearly a mile long. This attack was followed by that of Mohammad Tughlaq who stormed Kangra and seized the fort in 1337 from the then king, Prithi Chander. Later, Purab Chander, who succeeded him, recaptured the fort. Then Raja Roop Chand led a relentless military expedition into the plains of Punjab which had its impact right up to the frontiers of Delhi. This infuriated Feroz Shah Tughlaq, the then Sultan of Delhi, who mounted an attack on Kangra in 1366 with a view to stem the burgeoning power of the raja. Roop Chand was defeated in a grim battle. On his passing away, his son, Singara Chand, came to the throne. Timur invaded Kangra during his rule.

The Kangra fort is a winsome blend of medieval and ancient architecture

A couple of years after Timur’s invasion (in 1405), Raja Hari Chand took over the reigns of the Kangra empire. Once on a routine hunting trip, the king lost his way in the woods. As it was dark, he fell into a dry well. Presuming that the king might have either been killed by a wild animal or taken prisoner, his younger sibling Karam Chand was made the king. Raja Hari Chand, who was saved by some passersby, returned to the kingdom after 22 days. On discovering that his younger brother had been made the next king, he founded a new principality called Guler — the cradle of the famous Guler Kalam (Kangra Kalam) — with its capital at Haripur.

Emboldened by the dastardly acts of earlier marauders, it was now the turn of Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri, who conquered Kangra in 1540 by defeating Humayun. With Akbar ascending the throne, the Muslim empire saw the dawn of a new era. Akbar worked out a strategy to keep all hill chieftains under his rule. He sent his Finance Minister Todar Mal to annex those hill territories which he had identified as most vulnerable.

Jahangir too, after being enthroned the king, was seized with the desire to conquer Kangra and capture the fort, about which it was believed: "He who held the fort, ruled all the hill states". In 1615, he sent a strong contingent of troops under the command of Sheikh Farid Murtaza Khan and Raja Suraj Mal of Nurpur, his trusted confidant. But the troops returned without success. Unfazed, the king sent another contingent in 1620 under the command of Sunder Dass. This time the troops succeeded in capturing the fort after facing a stiff resistance. The ambitious Muslim invader also annexed the other hill states to his empire and garrisoned his troops in the fort to keep a watchful eye on the hill rulers. During the rule of King Hamir Chand, who ruled Kangra for 47 years, a major chunk of the hill territories was under the suzerainty of the Mughals. His son, Raja Ghamand Chand, who succeeded him, led a relentless battle against them and captured almost all Muslim-occupied territories, except the fort. It remained under their control for 40 years. Having failed to regain the control of the fort, he raised a parallel fort at Sujanpur Tira on the shores of the Beas. The king passed away in 1774. His son, Tegh Chand, who succeeded him, also died a year later.

The Kangra empire then saw the emergence of Raja Sansar Chand II, who came to the throne at the age of 10. On assuming charge of the vast Kangra empire, Sansar Chand’s top agenda was to recapture the fort. He succeeded in accomplishing the mission in 1781 with the active help of his trusted ally, Sardar Jai Singh of Kanhaya. But, he was compelled to surrender it to the Sikhs in 1809. It remained under their control till 1846. However, Raja Sansar Chand wanted the restoration of the fort, no matter at what price. Having failed to realise his cherished dream militarily, he surrendered some of the territories he had captured from the Sikhs and regained control of the fort. However, the hill rulers who were not supportive of his growing power, attacked him to avenge their bruised egos. In 1806, the Gurkhas, under the command of Amar Singh Thapa, defeated Sansar Chand. He had to seek asylum in the fort, from where he finally fled to Sujanpur Tira.

Courtesy --- AYYAPPA SWAMY

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