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Humayun succeeds Babur
Also see Humayun recovers the throne of Delhi, Death of Humayun

1530-1540: Rule of Humayun after Babur

Early times of Humayun
In 1530, after the death of Babur, his elder son Humayun succeeded the throne. At the age of twenty-three, Humayun became the ruler of the Mughal empire in India. The conditions were not easy for Humayun. There were many enemies in disguise. His own cousins were pretenders to the throne. Humayun's three brothers -- Kamran, Hindal and Askari -- also coveted the throne.

Also, the empire left by Babur was not a consolidated one. This left Humayun with many difficulties. The growing power of Gujarat under Bahadur Shah was a great threat to Humayun. Bahadur Shah, who had won a great victory over the Rajputs, was now making plans to invade Agra. The Afghans of Bihar and Bengal found a new leader in Sher Khan and were trying to regain their lost power.

Humayun himself was his worst enemy. He was neither a gifted general nor a wise statesman. He was incapable of taking prompt decisions. What he lacked was the preserverance of his father Babur and thus he could not pursue his plans with determination. In private life, he might be a good companion and a staunch friend but as a king he was a failure.

The Early wars of Humayun
Humayun was favoured by fortune. He fought successful wars against Sher Khan and Bhadur Shah of Gujarat. But he could not remove his enemies from their roots as he lacked the essential qualities of sustained effort. Bahadur Shah had given definite provocation to Humayun by annexing Malwa and besieging the famous fortress of Chitor. In 1534, the Rajputs solicitated Humayun's assistance against Bahadur Shah. However Humayun ignored their appeal and that was the biggest blunder he made. Humayun was busy in his campaign against Bahadur Shah which gave time to Sher Khan to mobilise his forces.

Sher Khan defeated Humayun
In 1537, Sher Khan invaded Bengal. Humayun realised the power of the Afghans too late. Again, his wrong tactics of war and wrong decisions gave enough time to Sher Khan for the reduction of Gaur by April 1538. Sher Khan also captured the fortress of Rohtas. And finally in 1539, Sher Khan was able to defeat Humayun at Chausa (situated near the boundary of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh). And again in 1540, he defeated Humayun at Kanauj, and went on to capture Delhi and Agra. Thus Sher Khan re-established the Afghans rule in Delhi. Humayun was compelled flee from India. In 1542, he reached Amrakot (in Sind), where Akbar was born in November, 1542. At last Shah Tahmasp I, the ruler of Persi, gave him shelter.

Courtesy --- karthik.N

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